Benefits of Reading Essay

Most of us have been exposed to reading since we were young but not many of us have the habit of reading for leisure. Most students read only because they have to study for their examinations but reading is not only limited to study materials. It is fun to read storybooks, novels, magazines, comics, newspapers and other reading material that is of interest to us. Reading is a good hobby. It is a form of pastime which brings many benefits. Reading trains our minds to be more imaginative. It also helps us to process new information faster and develop our ability to understand how other people think and feel. People who love to read are more open to new ideas. Thus, we can train our minds to think faster and more efficiently if we read more. We also can improve our awareness of the current events worldwide by reading newspaper. Besides improving our general knowledge, knowing what is going on around us, will also help us socialize with others by discussing the current issues with them. Nowadays, we need not solely rely to newspapers for news. We can also read real-time news online via the internet. Many news networks update the information on their websites every hour just to keep the readers updated with the latest events. Reading is important to help us to improve our language proficiency. By exposing ourselves to the proper use of language, we can improve our grammar and vocabulary. By reading, we would also enhance our understanding of world usage in different contexts. Therefore, we can eventually improve to our writing and speaking skills. The benefits of reading are numerous. It is also a cheap activity as we can go to the library to borrow books for free. We could also exchange books with our friends. This will help us save a lot of money. Some people prefer to buy their books so that they can keep them in their collection. As book are a source of knowledge, spending money to acquire them is not a waste, it is a form of investment.

The Story of Rosewood

Ingred Thompson Minority Groups 2390. 50 Dr. Dollarhide Texas Wesleyan University Fall 2012 This is the story of Rosewood, Fl. I chose this film because of its sensitive subject on Racism and Discrimination. Rosewood is the true story of a small Florida town, was inhabited that almost entirely by quiet, â€Å"middle-class† African- Americans (most of them home and land owners and better off than average at the time. ) On New Year's Day, 1923, the town was wiped off the face of the earth by angry whites from a neighboring community.It occurred because of the false testimony of one white woman. The massacre in Rosewood claimed dozens of African American's lives. At a time when racial tension was incredibly high, the black members of a small segregated community found themselves unprotected from the hatred of the neighboring white men. The director of this movie is John Singleton; he was on born January 6, 1968, he is a film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is a native of South Los Angeles. A lot of Singletons films deal with issues ranging from discrimination, racism, prejudice, and stereotyping.I will look to explore the different areas of conflict regarding the maltreatment of the African American people. I think that it was so unfortunate for them to be driven away from their homes and life as they knew it. Some of the areas that this film deals with are: Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination. The conflict theoretical perspective of Weber is utilized throughout the film. The whites were in control of everything, except for the land that the blacks owned (but they wanted to own it too).Prejudice is found throughout this film among the Anglo-Saxon community because of what one woman claimed happened to her. Prejudice is defined as the tendency to think and feel negatively about members of other groups. The main factor of Prejudice as seen it this movie reflects the same ideas that were learned in class. Stereotyping is also present, just because s he (Taylor) didn’t want to be found out she blamed a black man for assaulting and raping her. The fact that the sheriff didn’t really believe her account of what happened, he had to go along with the majority in order to save his ob. This was a case of selective perception, because they only seen it one way, the black man did it. Discrimination on the other hand is the unequal treatment of people based on their membership in a group. Because of what Fannie Taylor said happened to her a whole community suffered at the hands of a group of racist white people. On the morning of January 1, 1923 Fannie Coleman Taylor of Sumner Florida, claimed she was assaulted by a black man. No one disputed her account and no questions were asked.It was assumed she was reporting the incident accurately. Sarah Carrier a black woman from Rosewood, who did the laundry for Fannie Taylor and was present on the morning of the incident, claimed the man that assaulted Fannie Taylor was her white lover. It was believed the two lovers quarreled and he abused Fannie and left. No one questioned Fannie Taylor's account and no one asked Sarah Carrier about the incident. The black community claimed Fannie Taylor was only protecting herself from scandal.Fannie’s husband learned of the incident and became angry. The local white community became aroused at the alleged abuse of a white woman by a black man, which was an unpardonable sin against black men back then to look at a white woman. James Taylor summoned help from Levy County and neighboring Alachua County, who was ending a staged Klu Klux Klan rally leading up to January 1, 1923, on the court house square in downtown Gainesville, where a large number of KKK members had been rallying and marching in opposition of justice for black people.The accounts of what happened: 12/31/22: On New Year's Eve a large Ku Klux Klan Parade is held in Gainesville. 01/01/23: Early morning: Fannie Taylor reports an attack by an unidentified black man. Monday afternoon: Aaron Carrier is apprehended by a posse and is spirited out of the area by Sheriff Walker. Late afternoon: A posse of white vigilantes apprehends and kills a black man named Sam Carter. 01/02/23: Armed whites begin gathering in Sumner. 01/04/23: Late evening: White vigilantes attack the Carrier house. Two white men are killed, and several others wounded.A black woman, Sarah Carrier is killed and others inside the Carrier house are either killed or wounded. Rosewood's black residents flee into the swamps. One black church is burned, and several unprotected homes. 01/05/23: Approximately 200-300 white men from surrounding areas begin to converge on Rosewood. The negro section is destroyed by fire. Governor Cary Hardee is notified, and Sheriff Walker reports that he fears â€Å"no further disorder. † The Sheriff of Alachua County arrives in Rosewood to assist Sheriff Walker. James Carrier is murdered. 1/06/23: A train evacuates refugees, the Rosewoo d families, to Archer and Gainesville. 01/07/23: A mob of 100-150 whites return to Rosewood and burn the remaining structures. For over 60 years, the former citizens of Rosewood lived quietly with their grief and fear. Finally, through the determined efforts of Rosewood descendants, persistent journalists, and talented lawyers, the long-buried story was brought to light, and the survivors and their families were compensated with a $2 million payment of restitution from the state of Florida.Work cited http://www. africanaonline. com/2010/08/the-rosewood-massacre/ http://www. blackpast. org/? q=aah/rosewood-massacre-1923 http://www. displaysforschools. com/history. html http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0120036/ http://www. reelingreviews. com/reel148. htm#rosewood Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a town called Rosewood. D'Orso, Michael. New York: Putnam 1996. 1st Edition. 8vo. 373pp. http://www. africanonline. com/2010/08/the-rosewood-massacre/

Strategic Financial Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic Financial Management - Coursework Example However, among all these objectives, the main one for business organisations is supposed to be an increase of the value to its shareholders. In this case, the bid to maximize the wealth of its shareholders becomes a fundamental goal of management. It is important to note that investors often anticipate earning satisfactory returns from the investments they establish in the firm. Shareholders are the actual owners of the business, which means that senior managers are have a responsibility to ensure maximisation of investor’s wealth, not just for the success of the business, but also for continued investments, thus gaining the ability to increase its market share and financial position. Maximizing this wealth can be determined by the payout of dividends as well as capital gains through an increasing market value for a particular share price of the business. In the process of achieving this objective, conflicts can sometimes arise in the business. In this case, business managers may end up making decisions based on their interests and not achieving the investors’ wealth. Therefore, traditional view is that profit maximization needs to be made the ultimate goal and objective for the business. Financial managers are often involved in managing cash flows on behalf of the companies they work for as well as their respective owners. In any firm, financial management is often concerned with the process of making decisions in three main areas, which include; investing, financing as well as dividend policy. In all these, wealth maximization always remains to be the fundamental goal for the firm. Business managers are expected to ensure that they effectively manage the stock prices for the benefit of their respective shareholders since they are needed towards increasing the financial muscles for the company so that it can achieve its other objectives (Kaen 2003, 87). In this case, the criticisms raised against this

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology - Essay Example Therefore, we owe it all to those great scientists and inventors, for making our lives easier and interesting! One of the greatest events that occurred in the history of the human civilisation, that w rought up numerous changes, was the Industrial Revolution. It occured in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. It started in Britain and gradually, spread across the Western World. The utilisation of iron and coal to generate power paved way for the mechanisation of the textile and transport industry. This helped immensely to increase production, leading to prosperity and growth. The second Industrial Revolution was a consequence of the first one, which is often considered as merged with th second. It took place in the year 1850 and brought some sweeping changes, in terms of electricity generation and utilistaion of the same in the varied industries. The effects of the Industrial Revolution were for the world to see, since life became easier and less stressful! This led to a great spurt in conducting research and experiements in technology, as well. However, the wonder machine, the computer was not in sight, then. Even though Charles Babbage, the Father of Computers had come up with a computer machine in the year 1822, it took more than a century for the computer to gain momentum. This essay reflects and imagines how things would have been, had the computer existed during the Industrial Revolution, with silicon chips and microprocessors making their way into mans life right before the Industrial Revolution! Things would have been turly different! Textile mills and industries would be working on production the way they do today---designing patterns and motifs on the computer and

Summary of the article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of the article - Assignment Example Few years after 1612, tobacco sale in the London market competed with imported Spanish leaf and commanded steep prices. Virginia discovered tobacco production to be profitable. The tobacco shipment registered a drastic increase between the years 1680 and 1627 despite an Indian attack that killed nearly 400 of Virginia’s colonists (DeFord 1). According to Robert’s history, tobacco culture dominated the region between the southern boundary of Pennsylvania and the northern tidewater area of North Carolina. Seek for a more productive and fertile land steered America’s westward expansion. Human resource became an essential requirement in Maryland and Virginia with increasing hard work in the fields. In 1660, legal slavery appeared for the first time in Maryland and Virginia. Tobacco production continued to rise despite the fluctuating prices. Farmers of Tidewater incurred enormous debts to the British tobacco merchants. After 1750, financial crises abroad forced English merchants to demand payment from the planters. After the revolutionary war, negotiators calculated Virginians to account for millions of pounds of the

CARBON EMISSIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CARBON EMISSIONS - Essay Example The tool has been used to generate the figures that are used to justify this report. The results of the simulation using the tool will form evidence for the justification of the intended plan. This report explores the strengths and weaknesses of the values obtained from the tool. The tool was used with an aim simulating values that can achieve the desired 80% carbon emission. The analysis of the results obtained from the 2050 calculator will form a basis for the development of plan to achieve the 80% carbon emission. The URL used to generate this report is: http://2050-calculator-tool.decc.gov.uk/pathways/31134443324444441444414113322121332311213213111411121/primary_energy_chart. Below is a screenshot of the findings obtained from the tool. The procedure used to achieve the 80% carbon emission considers factors that affect carbon emissions. The factors include lifestyle and behavioural changes that occur due to changes with time. The desired lifestyle and behavioural changes include reductions in the average room temperatures during winter and reductions in energy demand. Lifestyles such as reducing food wastage can reduce emissions. Shifting from private transportation to public transportation can reduce the amount of emissions due to high usage of petroleum products. Another factor considered in the generation the results and explanation of this report is the changes in technology. Technology is dynamic in nature and has been changing gradually. The emergence of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) has contributed a lot to reduction in energy usage. These are less carbon intensive technologies that reduce the emission of carbon (Carbon emissions, 2008). The availability of different fuel and technological choices makes the development of our plan for reducing carbon emissions by 80% easier. Different options of lighting and heating appliances gives power consumers varied options to minimize their energy consumption. For example, current heating appliances

Strategic leadership in changing world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic leadership in changing world - Essay Example They should analyze the significant initiatives to be taken by the top leaders in the company, and integrate resources in order to create organization change. Denis, Langley and Rouleau (2010, p.67) argue that strategic leaders should change their skills through implementing unique strategies that will enable them to meet the demanding needs of an organization in today’s changing business world. Michael Porter and Gary Hamel offer varied disciplines that managers or leaders should practice in order to achieve success in the global changing business. Therefore, they have employed varied approaches to the paradox of the market and resources, but organizational circumstances or the changing business world affects the choice of strategic leaders when employing their approaches. Porter and Hamel offer varied approaches that strategic leaders should follow, but some of their approaches would affect the choice of strategic decisions because of the ever-changing business environment. One of the approaches employed is the industrial organization in achieving a competitive advantage in a business entity. Hamel, the American economist in management came up with a core competency management concept in order to achieve a competitive advantage. This concept takes varied forms including technical matter of knowhow and close relationship with clients. It also takes into consideration product development or cultural aspects through employee dedication towards creating a successful business environment. The core competency strengthens the industrial relation with other organization and offers fundamental basis for adding value to products. Moreover, Hamel emphasizes that the core competency should enable strategic leaders to employ asset of effective skills or design techniques in order to deliver value to their clients. However, the core competency may affect the deliberate decision of leaders in the current business setting. This is because many companies are nowadays e mploying customer value approach as a way of achieving a competitive advantage. They emphasize on creating product value that satisfies the needs of customers; thus enabling them to become leaders in the global market (Pongsakornrungsilp and Schroeder 2011, 319). Hamel emphasize that the core competencies contributes to the advancement of worth products that meet the needs of customers. The core competency is effective because it is developed continuously with varied organizational improvements overtime. Hamel further use the industry organization approaches in explaining the way strategic leaders can achieve the core competency. The industrial organization method is a based on the financial theory, which deals with competition, distribution of resources and economies of scale issues. The hypotheses behind these  approaches are the rationality  aspects,  profit maximization and  self-discipline behaviors in the work environment. This approach is essential because leaders in the current changing business environment should understand the core competency in an industry. They should predict the future challenges and business opportunities in order to help them stay top in any varying business situations. Hamel reveals that the core competencies are developed through constant changes of brands in order to meet the demanding needs of customers in the changing business world. Therefore, in order for organizations to succeed in the emerging global market economy, they should create the core competen

The State's Tort claims Act in California Research Paper

The State's Tort claims Act in California - Research Paper Example However, it is not everybody that is qualified to file a claim. There are steps that need to be followed in order to file a claim successfully. There are some basic information that must be in a typical claim form. One should also note that there are strict timelines that are set by the California Tort Claims Act and this claims act must be duly followed. Introduction The California State Torts Claims Act stipulates under sections 810-996.6 that before a lawsuit for money damages is brought against a government entity, there must have been a written claim that must have been drafted and presented within the 6-month timeframe and there are usually no exceptions to this rule (Fowler & Fleming, 1968). This means that, one must be very conscious of the fact that they must have filed their cases within a particular frame of time as this would help to keep their options open. A resident of California that has been injured by the government must consider filing a claim even though, they do not intend to sue the government at the moment as this would help to protect their rights as citizens of the state and keep their options of suing the government open in the nearest future. In the tort claims act in California, there are certain procedures that must be followed when a claim is filed against a governmental entity for damages. These procedures actually depend on the type of action that the aggrieved party is presenting before the court of law. One must try to find out from a reputable attorney on the applicable procedure for the claims and the timeframe that they must make the claim as the procedures followed usually depends on the type of damages done. Recognizing when it is necessary to file a claim The government of California might be sued for several reasons. One of the reasons that a citizen of California sues the government is if, the government has violated their fundamental human rights. Other reasons that it becomes necessary to sue the government are if, th e governmental entity is responsible for a death, damage to property or physical injury. If a resident of California is injured by the government, this injury is called a ‘tort’ and the claim that is filed is called the, â€Å"tort claim†, and the person filing this tort claim is usually the injured person and is usually called, the â€Å"claimant.† Thus, the California government code 905, 905.2 stipulates that in order to get money from the government for damages, the claimant must file a tort claim from the governmental entity (Fowler & Fleming, 1968). People that are qualified to file a claim The only person or persons that are qualified to file a claim are person(s) that are filing claims on behalf of themselves or on behalf of someone that was injured. However, a clarification has to be made as to what constitutes an injury. An injury in this case does not necessarily have to be a physical injury, it can be violations on the fundamental human rights of the claimant or damage to the possession of the claimant. This clarification is made under the California Government Code section 910, 910.2 (Fowler & Fleming, 1968). Steps to take to file a claim successfully The California State Government Code section 915 (a) stipulates that a person that is filing a claim against a local government entity or county

Instructional Design Essay Example for Free

Instructional Design Essay The world is a place full of so many different professions that need people to train to be regarded as professionals of a specific area. Doctors, managers, engineers, drivers, teachers, professors, lecturers and so many other professionals are qualified because the people did some kind of training. The training offered by the relevant institutions were not just conducted without guidelines, there were and there are still guidelines showing what is required when one wants to become a qualified professional. These guidelines are implemented in a process that has the specific instructions developed in a systematic manner known as the instructional design. Instructional design is an out line of well organised specific instructions on a specific profession guiding trainers on how to produce quality education and profession in a learning environment (Teaching Center, 2004). An instructional design always have four major steps though different models have different ways of showing these steps. It always has the design and the analysis step, the implementation and the production step, the developing step, and the review and evaluation step (Teaching Center, 2004). Why would an institution look for this kind of a process? Performance of an organisation depends on the employees, and the skills these employees have must be of importance to an institution. Another issue is that no organisation or institution would like to have a bad reputation of producing low quality professional skills, institutions would work towards the standards required by the public. Instructional design helps quality skill and performance production (Whiddett and Hollyforde, 2003). Professional Development Professional development is the manner in which the skills a person requires to maintain a specific line of career are developed or maintained. It is usually offered through continued education and training. Professional development is always a role left to the human resource manager or professional trainers in development departments in the organization. Teachers, lecturers and other educational trainers also play a big role in the professional development. The teachers and education organization trainers offer professional skills to students under various fields of study or profession. They are therefore required to know the steps and instructional designs used for the development of students professionally as Graff et. al note in their book (2006). Professional development involves the formal kind of education for example university education, post secondary education or even polytechnic education that enables a person to obtain a certificate or a credential that will enable him/her to get employment and retain it due to the knowledge the person has gained. The process of professional development therefore involves teaching on the various topics of the profession and other training procedures like practicals and internships (Gaff et. al, 2006). A teacher is required to organise how this professional development will be done on his/her students over a given period of time. There are other ways that professional development could be done, for example personal coaching can lead to one gaining the relevant knowledge and required training for a certain profession. This is mostly done through professional development individual and informal programs. Professional development in a work place enhances the individual skills on the processes and tasks at work. These skills that can be improved are such as team management skills, effectiveness skills and the system of and organizations thinking skills. The task skills that can be enhanced by professional development are such as skills on training safety, applications on computer software and skills on customer services (Cindy et. al, 2000). Professional development can also be a choice of the already employed. In this situation the individual under the current occupation undergoes the relevant training to improve his/her skills on the specific profession. Examples of normally desired skills for this kind of professional development are; leadership skills for the managers and skills on specific training techniques on different professions for example the training skills on, metal work equipments, engineers, medical practitioners and many others. There are different requirements for different professions in professional development. The kind of training that a medical student undergoes is not the same as the kind of training an accounting student would undergo. The different fields require different knowledge, skills and internships. An example of a professional development is in the health care profession that involves the development of skills, knowledge and attitude of the students or the workers to ensure that they work effectively and confidently (Work Cover 2003). In order to gain the knowledge, skills and the attitude, the students or the health care workers have to be trained, mentored and supervised. Organisational structures have to be created and maintained as well to ensure team work in the medical field and support for the individuals (National Society, 1986). Another example of professional development is training of customers which is normally done by manufactures with new machines and would like to train their customers on how to use the machine. This is normally referred to as an after sales service that aims to prevent misuse of the equipment, technology or a system (National Society, 1986). Instructional Designs  There are so many definitions to an instructional design. An instructional design can be defined as an organised out line of a teachers or a trainers program on how professional development will be conducted or performed. It can also be referred to as a model developed for a competency based system. Another definition according to a learning and teaching center indicates that an instructional design is an effective transfer tool with instructions used by teachers and learners to organise communication technology (2004). The instructional design is organised based on the profession to be developed, the students to be trained, the time available for training, available resources and the requirements of the course of the specific profession. Why would there be instructional designs? Different professions have different requirements and standards of performance. One has to be a doctor or a manager after learning the skills required in those respective fields of study. The world is changing gradually and the skills required before are either improved or are no longer used, there are standards too to guide the kind of skills in a specific profession. In order to determine if a person has accomplished the requirements of a specific profession and has undergone the training, there has to be a guide to it. This guide is the instructional design. The designs have the instructions on what should be done on the competency systems, how it should be done, the time the system or the professional development requires and is according to the national standards of specific professional requirements. An example is in the information technology field. Information technology has experienced great changes in the technological methods. The technology professionals need a standard method to use in monitoring the performance of information technology firms to determine if they are up to competency standards. Performance of an organisation always depend on the type and quality of skills employed in the firm. Just as other firms need qualified personnel in their fields, its the same way the information technology requires qualified personnel too (Harless, 1970). Evaluating if an information technology firm has the competent group of professionals depends on the kind of training of the professionals. Professionals have to have undergone some kind of training with specified standards qualifying one as a professional. These standards are always integrated in the instructional design, therefore it is important that an instructional design guides the information technology professionals in the evaluation of the competency of the firms. Instructional designs offer guidelines to evaluation as well as guidelines to professional development (Harless1970). When the right guidelines are used in the evaluation of an organisation, the performance of the organisation is sure to be of standard. Instructional Design Models There are various models that can be used to develop instructional designs. Teachers and trainers select the models they find appropriate for the process of profession development. This discussion will only give more information on three models among the many models of instructional designs. The three models are; the ADDIE model, Carey and Dick model and rapid prototyping model. Other models though not thoroughly discussed here are the Rajans and Smiths model, and the Kemp, Rose and Morrisons model (Gilbert, 1978). Carey and Dick model This kind of model does not consider the instructions in an instructional model as separated components, but as a collective system. It out lines the various components of an instructional design. The system of an instructional design as argued by Dick and Carey has so many components as shown. The goals, analysis, contexts and learners, aims of performance, the materials of the instructional design, strategy to be used in the instructional design, design evaluation, design instruments and the process of revising the instructional design (Dick et. al. , 1978). The process of instructional design planning and development requires several steps as Carey and Dick indicate in their book (1978). The first step in instructional design creation is the identification of the goals of the instructional design that a trainer or teacher would like to accomplish with the students. The second step involves analysing the instructions of the design. A third step involves analysing the contexts and the learners then noting the performance aims. The next step in this process according to Dick and Carey is looking for the instruments of assessment and developing them. A strategy is developed, materials for professional development selected, instructions evaluated based on the formulated evaluation method and the instructions revised. The last important step done is the evaluation of the whole system of instructional design as noted by Dick et. al. The formulators of this model believe that the system of instructional design integrates all the components of the system to work together towards the goal of the design, which is desired student outcomes (1978).

Gender, Resistance, and Violence Essay Example for Free

Gender, Resistance, and Violence Essay Most people in the capitalist west take it for granted that what they refer to as the Muslim world is recognized most for marginalization and mistreatment of women and girls (Arebi, 99). This belief runs so deep that some westerners are shocked at the sight of Muslim women travelling alone or freely dressed (El-Ghobashy, 110). While the grounds for this belief may have been less shaky centuries ago, women in the Arab world have been taking more active leadership at all levels, rising to become national leaders in such countries as Pakistan, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia (Caprioli Boyer, 506). The West, and the relatively young Israel, have attacked the Arab world on numerous occasions and not surprisingly, their soldiers are currently occupying Iraq and Afghanistan. The occupying soldiers have been blamed for imposing curfews, sexual assault, beating and humiliating the locals, shooting and injuring parents and their children, and closing border crossings at will (Dubinsky, Krull, Lord, Mills Rutherford, 16; Mbembe, 39). It is not surprising that a large percentage of Americans are suspicious of Muslims (Asad, 97). Predictably, men in the Middle East have dominated the counter-assault on occupying forces, using such tactics as guerilla attacks, landmines, bombs and suicide attacks. However, women have not taken the backseat they would have been expected to take a century ago (Massad, 469). In resistance to occupation forces and the consequent assault on their culture, thousands of Muslim women have welcomed extremist anti-West ideas and proceeded to attack the occupying soldiers (Crossette, 39). Granted that women attract less suspicion, they make choice suicide bombers. According to Asad (94), the life of an Arab is far cheaper than an Israeli’s, according to the Israelis. It is not odd that the latter kills Arabs in their hundreds for every one Israeli killed. Arab women have been direct and indirect victims of these attacks. It is to defend their people against Israeli- and Western-inspired attacks that more and more women have joined the combat ranks of extremist organizations. Arab women have also led aggressive resistance political campaigns to champion their causes with varying levels of success (Hasso, 90). Thousands of Arab women have sought high-level education in the west and have initiated campaigns of resistance against the attacks aimed at the Arabs. Bibliography Arebi, S. Gender Anthropology in the Middle East: The Politics of Muslim Women’s Misrepresentation. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1991: pp 91-108. Asad, T. Talal Asad on Suicide Bombing. Caprioli, M. Boyer, M. Gender Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 45, No. 4, August 2001: pp 503-518. Crossette, B. Militancy: Living in a World Without Women. The New York Times, November 4, 2001. Dubinsky, K. , Krull, C. , Lord, S. , Mills, S. Rutherford, S. (Eds). New World Coming: The Sixties and the Shaping of Global Consciousness. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2009. El-Ghobashy. Quandaries of Representation. Hasso, F. Resistance, Repression, and Gender Politics in Occupied Palestine and Jordan. Massad, J. Conceiving the Masculine: Gender and Palestinian Nationalism. Middle East Journal, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1995): pp 467-483. Mbembe, A. Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1), 2003. Pp 11-40.

Research Proposal E Construction Dispute Model Construction Essay

Research Proposal E Construction Dispute Model Construction Essay Construction industry cannot avoid from disputes as many parties involved in one industry. All the parties insert dispute resolution mechanisms into the contract in the hope that the disputes can be avoided or solved as quickly as they can as they arise. If disputes are not managed properly, they tend to drag on and escalate to cause projects delays and ultimately ruined the relationships. There is now a wide armoury of dispute resolution methods available for resolving construction disputes. The most popular out of these being litigation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes such as arbitration, mediation, and conciliation. These dispute resolution processes suffer two key disadvantages, which arise from the fact that these processes only come into play after a dispute has arisen. One disadvantage is that, during the dispute resolution process, trust between the parties may be sorely tested, or even destroyed. The other disadvantage is that the time and cost of resolvin g a dispute may affect the expected project gains of parties concerned. It is essential in construction industry to adopt an anticipative approach to management. Since disputes have been one of the major factors affecting cost and time, it is necessary to determine the classification of dispute from the construction law cases and then the e-CDM can be the tool/database to prevent the conflicts or disputes at any stages of construction. By having thorough knowledge and information in this tool/database, it will definitely help the project manager and contract manager to anticipate problems at an early stage of the project without going through any other Alternative Dispute Resolution method which will cost extra money on the top of the project cost. INTRODUCTION Malaysia has been developing rapidly in tandem and racing a head to become industrialised nation. Undoubtedly, the building and construction industry are instrumental as the driving forces to contribute towards realising this aspiration. The construction industries are expected to play a vital role by contribution of 11.2% to the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2013.  [1]  According to CIDB Chief Executive Datuk Sri Dr. Judin Abdul Karim, the construction industry is expected to secure RM 120bil worth of the project in 2013.  [2]  In order to achieve this encouraging but challenging target, the Government and the private sector must work closely together to ensure projects under the Economic Transformation Program (ETP), the Entry Point Project (EPP), project under the 5 corridors and the Greater Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley are implemented in the timely manner to avoid any delays that would increase cost. The construction industry in Malaysia is fast growing and in light of the economy uncertainty, the world is now facing, great challenges face players in the industry. Dispute amongst parties involved in the industry are unavoidable. It would be impossible to create an environment where the industry would not be affected but great effort should be expended to minimize the effect that would be failing the industry. To do so, it is important that disputes be resolved in the most expedient and economic manner to enable parties in the industry to move forward without being badly affected. BACKGROUND STUDY Modern day construction projects vary from simple houses for individuals to complex infrastructure projects for governments. Some construction projects may even involve cross border movement of resources and not limited to the control of a single jurisdiction. A variety of factors, including, unfair allocation of risks, multiple contracts, unrealistic expectations and schedules, poorly drafted or inadequate contract documents, design omissions, tighter funding, the lack of experienced personnel, communication problems, and even the state of the economy, add to the complexity of construction projects. As a result, construction projects are a breeding ground for contractual dispute. Cooke J in Canterbury Pipe Lines Ltd v Christchurch Drainage Board  [3]  said Building contracts have been traditionally a fertile source of disputesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The enunciation aptly summarizes the very nature of construction industry as an industry notorious for complex disputes.  [4]  The primary cause of such disputes arises from inadequate legal knowledge.  [5]  Majority of construction practitioners comes from technical engineering and architectural background without adequate legal knowledge in contracts and this has led to numerous disputes in construction contracts. Lack of knowledge in construction laws by construction players has been the leading cause of dispute. Employers, Consultants and Contractors though with years of experiences in the industry are usually lacking of the legal knowledge and understanding on the operation and effects of various clauses in construction contracts in general and handling dispute. The lacking in understanding the legal and contractual aspects of contract may be caused by not having the experience to undergo the process itself or just plain ignorance of the topic overridden by over-zealous attitude of churning maximum profits and in the understanding that legal experts are there to provide all the required advice and service. Lack of knowledge in construction law will lead to wrong interpretation of contracts in which the party tends to take trivial matters to the dispute. Construction industry cannot avoid from disputes as many parties involved in one industry. All the parties insert dispute resolution mechanisms into the contract in the hope that the disputes can be avoided or solved as quickly as they can as they arise. If disputes are not managed properly, they tend to drag on and escalate to cause projects delays and ultimately ruined the relationships. Lord Denning  [6]  , when commenting on construction disputes, is quoted as saying; One of the greatest threats to cashflow is the incidence of disputes. Resolving them by litigation is frequently lengthy and expensive. Arbitration in the construction context is often as bad or worse According to Hibberd and Newman  [7]  , litigation gains an unpopular name when time goes on. They quote that A substantial majority (70%) suggested the whole system takes too long, whilst almost 30% suggested that the costs of litigation are far too high. As the litigation cannot solve dispute effectively, arbitration had been introduced. Professionals believed that arbitration can solve the problems without ignoring the main desire of clients. Most of the clients depend on those who know contract better than them. They hope these professional can help them with the lowest cost and fastest way to solve the problem. There is much truth in the old adage that prevention is better than cure. The various dispute resolution processes referred to mediation, conciliation and arbitration all suffer two particular disadvantages, which arise from the fact that these processes only come into play when a dispute has crystallized. One disadvantage is that, during the dispute resolution process, trust between the parties may be sorely tested, or even destroyed. The extent to which this occurs is likely to be proportional to the time and cost (in both money and resources) of resolving the dispute. As ongoing trust between contracting parties is such an essential ingredient of healthy and efficient project delivery, this can be a significant disadvantage in a continuing relationship such as will typically be found in a BOOT project. The longer and more acrimonious the dispute resolution process, the greater the likelihood that there will be a loss of trust in any continuing relationship. By having a readily accessible resource such as e-Construction Dispute Model (e-CDM) which the parties can access during the course of the project at any construction stages, the impact of disputes is minimized. In contrast to the dispute resolution processes earlier described, e-CDM seek to avoid or minimize the incidence of disputes by a timely, little costly and relatively informal process which takes place while the work is in progress. Used effectively, they can lead to a reinforcement and enhancement of trust, with a positive impact on the project as construction unfolds. PROBLEM STATEMENT The construction industry is notorious for high levels of conflicts and disputes. It is a project based industry with each project being unique. Some construction projects may even involve cross border movement of resources and not limited to the control of a single jurisdiction. A variety of factors, including, unfair allocation unfair allocation of risks, multiple contracts, unrealistic expectations and schedules, poorly drafted or inadequate contract documents, design omissions, tighter funding, the lack of experienced personnel, communication problems, and even the state of the economy, add to the complexity of construction projects. As a result, construction projects are a breeding ground for contractual disputes.  [8]   It could be said that the adversarial nature of the construction industry contributes to the germination and manifestation of construction disputes. As such, the construction industry has been at the forefront of the search for effective and efficient dispute resolution mechanisms. Project procurement and construction disputes are two of the major concerns in the construction industry worldwide.  [9]  There is now a wide armoury of dispute resolution methods available for resolving construction disputes. The most popular out of these being litigation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes such as arbitration, mediation, and conciliation. These dispute resolution processes suffer two key disadvantages, which arise from the fact that these processes only come into play after a dispute has arisen. One disadvantage is that, during the dispute resolution process, trust between the parties may be sorely tested, or even destroyed. The other disadvantage is that the time and cost of resolving a dispute may affect the expected project gains of parties concerned. In the circumstances, the current trend is to look for methods other than processes such as litigation, arbitration, mediation, and conciliation that could be put in motion before or at least, soon after a conflict has arisen. The aim is to ensure that dispute prevention measures, or at least measures for minimizing the scope of any dispute is put in place before the parties positions have hardened. Traditionally, resolving construction disputes are done through litigation. This can be confirmed by 72 cases related to building contract being reported by the Malayan Law Journal between 1990 and 2007 and the Current Law Journal which reported about 200 cases of construction related issues since 2004.  [10]  Yet, today the litigation procedures have fallen into disrepute, particularly due to excessive costs, delays, procedural complexity and adversarial approach.  [11]  The earlier research have come out with the new approach by developing eDR model but it only focus on on contractual variations  [12]  in construction projects. The lacking of law knowledge in every term of contact still needs to be addressed. It is essential in construction industry to adopt an anticipative approach to management. Since disputes have been one of the major factors affecting cost and time, it is necessary to determine the classification of dispute from the construction law cases and then the e-CDM can be the tool/database to prevent the conflicts or disputes at any stages of construction. By having thorough knowledge and information in this tool/database, it will definitely help the project manager and contract manager to anticipate problems at an early stage of the project without going through any other Alternative Dispute Resolution method which will cost extra money on the top of the project cost. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The objective of this study are: To classification the types of dispute in the Malaysian construction industry base on the related law cases; To develop an e-CDM model as the database for construction industry; and To develop an application of e-CDP prototype/system based on types of the disputes, the parties involved, type of the project, when do the disputes occurred, and standard form of contract for the project. RESEARCH AIM The research has highlighted the problem statements on poor understanding of contract administration and lack of contractual knowledge toward the most litigious issue in construction. Therefore, the aim of this research is to classify the types of dispute based on related law cases in construction and subsequently propose and develop eCDM tool/database on construction disputes as an alternative way for resolving disputes in construction projects. SCOPE OF STUDIES This research is limited to the following:- a) To construction disputes reported by Malayan Law Journal. b) Cases related to Building Contract in Malaysia. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Briefly, this research will be carried out with five (5) different stages: Identifying the research issue Literature review Data and information collection Data and information collection Research analysis Data and information collection Conclusion and recommendations Data and information collection Identifying the Research Issue Identifying the research issue is the very initial stage from the whole research. Initial literature review was done in order to obtain the overview of the particular research topic. In identifying the issue, firstly, it will involves reading on various sources of published materials such as journals, articles, seminar papers, cases, previous research papers, or other related research materials, newspapers, magazines and electronic resources as well as World Wide Web and online e-databases from UM librarys website.  [13]  At the same time, discussions with supervisors, lecturers, as well as course mates have been done to gain more ideas and knowledge relating to the topic. Literature Review The second stage in executing a research is literature review. Literature review stage is basically a stage when the researcher will be reading and also need to criticize on each and every material that has been read. Published resources, like books, journals, varies standard form of contract and related statutory are the most helpful sources in this stage. Literature review also will be involving the collection of documents from the secondary data research, such as books, journals, newspapers.  [14]   Data and Information Collection This stage is data and information collection stage. This is an important stage towards achieving the objectives of this research. In this stage, the further action is to collect the relevant information based on the secondary data from the published resources. Lexis-Nexis database which provides cases of Malayan Law Journal is the main sources in getting the related cases. Research Analysis During this stage, all of the data collected data, information, ideas, opinions and comments were specifically arranged, analyze and also will be interpreted based on the literature view which will be carried out. This stage also could be called as the heart of the research as from this chapter; we can see how the objective has been achieved. Conclusion and recommendations Conclusion and recommendations is the final stage of the research. In this stage the findings will be able to show the result of the research. A conclusion needs to be drawn in-line with the objectives of the research. At the same time, some appropriate recommendations related to the problems will be made for a better solution in relation to the said problem. CONCLUSION Disputes between parties to construction projects are of great concern to the industry; nevertheless, the subject is dominated by anecdote and hearsay. The study of construction industry disputes, and the causes of those disputes, is essential. In fact, it would seem that effective management action can be taken only if based on reliable evidence and as contract manager it is essential for them to consider all kinds of dispute in construction industry.

Brave New World - Is Individuality a Threat to Society, or a Gift to So

As man has progressed through the ages, there has been, essentially, one purpose. That purpose is to arrive at a utopian society, where everyone is happy, disease is nonexistent, and strife, anger, or sadness is unheard of. Only happiness exists. But when confronted with Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, we come to realize that this is not, in fact, what the human soul really craves. In fact, Utopian societies are much worse than those of today. In a utopian society, the individual, who among others composes the society, is lost in the melting pot of semblance and world of uninterest. The theme of Huxley's Brave New World is community, identity, and stability. Each of these three themes represents what a Brave New World society needs to have in order to survive. According to the new world controllers, community is a result of identity and stability, identity is a part of genetic engineering, and stability is what everyone desires to achieve. These themes are represented in the bo ok by the symbolic meaning of the phrase "Children are from bottles" and the hypnotic phrase "Everybody belongs to everybody else. For a better understanding it is useful to explore these themes in detail. Community refers to the thought of one whole unit. Everyone is connected, by their actions toward each other in every day life, sexual desires, and what they do to remove the feeling of horrible emotions. This connectedness and lie, and its effects can be seen in the character of Bernard, a person who hates what society has become. The year is A.F. 632 (After Ford; Ford is the equivalent to God in Brave New World and with the available technology, citizens are mass produced. But have an underlying theme in common. The stability of this brave new w... ...ch.† It is this willingness of man to make the same mistake twice that in 2000 the ideas in Brave New World do not seem that far off base. Most people thought that with the collapse of the Soviet Union it would put an end to the suffering and an all-controlling government. But with an influx of clones, test tube babies, government controls of television, needless violence, and the search for the perfect mood altering drug. Who is to say that Brave New World is not earth in fifty years? As more people lose their individuality they become connected with community. It is with this connection that they begin to let others control their lives and humanity is already headed in that direction. Brave New World should not only be seen as a great piece of science fiction. It should be seen as a warning. Of what can happen when people live up to the influence of outside sources.

An Analysis Of Buried Child :: essays research papers

It’s amazing what a secret can do to a person. Keeping secrets among friends can be fun, or helpful when you need to confide in someone you trust. Other secrets can do more harm than good. They can fester inside you and cause endless pain. In “Buried Child,'; this is the case. The family is permanently altered by their secret, which becomes a growing moral cancer to them, leaving each impotent in their own way. The play takes place on Dodge’s farm. About thirty years ago, the farm was fertile and prosperous. Dodge and Halie didn’t have a wonderful marriage, however. Things took a turn for the worse when Halie became pregnant with someone else. It is suggested that Tilden is the father. The evidence to support this includes the fact that the baby was small, and that Tilden would sing to it and take it for long walks all day, just talking to it and treating it as his own. “Tilden was the one who knew. Better than any of us. He’d walk for miles with that kid in his arms. Halie let him take it. All night sometimes.'; (p. 124) Dodge would not allow this abomination to grow up and live in his family, so he drowned it, and buried it in the backyard. We can guess that this is when the farm ceased to be fertile, and fell into disuse. This is a symbol of the death of honesty and the birth of the family’s terrible secret. Why exactly does everything go wrong for this family? We don’t know exactly when the problems started, but we know that Ansel died on his honeymoon, Bradley cut off his own leg in a chain saw accident and is now mentally imbalanced, Tilden is nonfunctional and has been driven out of New Mexico, Dodge is a crazy old sick guy, and Halie is doing shady things with the preacher. Vince is the only person capable of facing the world and life, but he too is corrupted by the secret at the end. The answer to the question is that their secret, the dead child, is a secret festering them from the inside out. It is unclear how long this moral degradation took, it may have taken years for all this to happen. We do know that it has left everyone impotent. Bradley is the most vivid example of this impotence. His false leg is his crutch, both figuratively and literally.

Incarceration of African American Males Essay

Introduction The trend of African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 has seen a dramatic increase of incarceration. Attention has been focusing on areas of housing, education, and healthcare but the most prominent problem for African American males is the increase in the incarceration rate. African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 incarceration rate has been thought, by many, to be caused by economic factors such as under employment or unemployment, poor housing, lack of education, and lack of healthcare. Yet, others believe it is due to the imbalance of minorities within the criminal justice system, such as judges, lawyers, and lawmakers. This paper will explore two different outlooks; society has come up with so far, as to why African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29 are increasingly incarcerated. Finally, the information will give awareness to the problems that is faced by African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29. Prevalence – Problem 1 More than 40% of all American prisoners, men and women, are African American men, yet they make up just 13% of the U. S. male population (Roberts, 2004). This statistic does not include those African American men who are in local jails nor does it include those African American men under custodial supervision (Table 2). They enter the state and federal prison system, at the prime of their economic and reproductive lives and yet they exit prison behind both economically and socially. The high rate of incarceration among African Americans has been noted by the interconnection of poor economy, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. Statistics don’t even give African American males a good chance to stay out of jail. They have a one in four chance of being incarcerated, while Hispanic American males have a one in six chance, and white males only have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. The color of African Americans sets them apart and makes them targetable. Prevalence – Problem 2 There is evidence, in our American Justice System, of structural inequality as seen in the percentages of minorities to the percentage of majorities employed in high ranking positions, within the system. The percentage of United States judges by race are 79% Caucasian, 12% African American, and 2% Hispanics American (Federal Judicial Center, 2012), as for the thousands of lawyers in the United States it is approximate of 3% are African American (National Law Group, 2010-2011), and about 1 in 4 police officers are members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2007 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). An investigation into racial profiling showed that African American and Hispanic American offenders, who often are young unemployed males, are more likely than their white counterparts (Spohn, C., 2000). Their prison sentences are also typically longer or they receive differential benefits from guideline departures than do similarly situated white offenders (Spohn, C. , 2000). We must acknowledge the problems of racial disparity within the criminal justice system, communicate racial disparity within the criminal justice system with those we who are not informed of the problem, and stay committed to changing racial disparity within our justice system for change to begin. Causes In researching the high rate of incarceration in America it is more likely than not that the increase in African American Males being incarcerated is due to the War on Drugs (Table 1). It is public knowledge that drug crime ranks high among the effects of poverty. These poor neighborhoods not only endure crime they have poor schools, poor food, cramped living areas, and shortage of jobs if any jobs at all. Drugs and drug crime has become regularity in low income communities, arrests of Hispanics made up 55% of cocaine powder offences and 52% of marijuana offenses and 49% involving opiates: African Americans were suspected in 75% of crack cocaine cases; White males were suspected in 41% all methamphetamine cases (Motivans, M. , 2011). Decades of failed public and private remedies for chronic disparities and disadvantages in communities of color invite us to reexamine systems and institutions that provide and restrict opportunity in new ways (Lawrence, K. , 2011). The causes seem to be intertwined being poor equals, equals a poor education, equals lack of employment, and ultimately equals an increased rate of crime. Consequences The causes seem to be intertwined being poor, equals lack of education, which equals lack of employment, which equals increased rate of crime which equals impossibility to join criminal justice system. Also, many of these men are incarcerated while all the other non-incarcerated American young men are finishing school, starting careers, earning seniority at work, marrying and having children thus gaining capital. Even when released from prison, these men return back to their communities with a felony record that will pose extreme problems for them. The incarceration leads the released convict into a lower social class even if they were considered lower class Americans prior to their incarceration; they now are lower in social class standing in most instances. This leads to a poor African American community, perhaps as many as 50% of the male population will have been in prison. These incarcerated African American Males, who are in their prime of life, also are leaving half the families in this community facing such things as poverty, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. The community ultimately will become poverty stricken, struggling to survive, and ultimately vulnerable to the situation repeating. Solutions – How can this be changed? There are four key aspects to addressing racial disparity, in my opinion: 1. Acknowledge 2. Communication 3. Setback = Strength 4. Commitment Not only is the problem of racial disparity under recognized by society it is not being communicated effectively to make change. Majority groups needs to acknowledge racial disparity and minority groups need to communicate their knowledge regarding racial disparity. As each group majority and minority begins to become share their information with each other and work together for a common solution acknowledging there will be setbacks but with continued commitment systemic change will happen. Conclusion By refusing to tolerate disparate treatment of people of color or anyone within the criminal justice system we empower ourselves and our country. It is time that everyone including our legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges work collectively and courageously to eradicate this negative stigma. Despite, America being known for its equal rights we are living proof that in this era inequality is a factor that cannot be taken lightly. The statistics that are surrounding African American males is astounding. We need to empower African American males with the knowledge that they have a one in four chance of becoming incarcerated. It is also important to know that Hispanic males have a one in six chance, and white males have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. All of these statistics need to be addressed to empower each and every one us. Throughout history we have not seen a change in majority groups (White, Male) and minority groups (Women, anyone that is not White) although we have seen numbers of minorities increasing at a fast pace. Today, however, the election of Barack Obama, not once but twice, may set the new ideal of what an American actually is. As we embrace different cultures and their ethnic backgrounds society will prosper. As society increases their knowledge, in regards to each person’s differences, they will acquire greater strength and prosperity. The only issue, that can occur, will be in the short term empowering others to embrace diversity. When we look beyond short-term, focus will shift to diverse empowerment through embracing the knowledge of our differences thus making us stronger as a society. TABLE 1: BLACK PROPORTION OF DRUG ARRESTS, EXCLUDING MARIJUANA POSSESSION YEAR BLACK % 1999 40. 1 2000 39. 3 2001 39. 1 2002 35. 8 2003 33. 8 2004 33. 1 2005 33. 2 Data calculated from drug arrest figures by race provided by the Uniform Crime Reports division of the FBI TABLE 2: FBI CRIME REPORT Arrests By Race, 2006 [11,249 agencies; 2006 estimated population 216,685,152] Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific islander Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific Islander TOTAL 10,437,620. 7270214 2924724 130589 112093 100. 0 69. 7 28 1. 3 1. 1 Drug abuse violations 1376192 875101 483886 8198 9607 1000 63. 6 35. 1 0. 6 0. 7 DUI’S 1034651 914226 95260 13484 11681 100 88. 4 9. 2 1. 3 1. 1 Liquor laws 466323 398068 50035 12831 5389 100 85. 4 10. 7 2. 8 1. 2 Drunken-ness 408439 344155 54113 7884 2287 100 84. 3 13. 2 1. 9 0. 6 Dis-orderly conduct 5117264 325991 179733 7606 3934 100 63. 0 34. 7 1. 5 0. 8 (The FBI: Uniform Crime Report, 2010) References Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/index. cfm? ty=tp&tid=71 The FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2010, Table 43, http://www. fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2010/crime-in-the-u. s. -2010/tables/table-43 Federal Judicial Center, 2012, Overview of the United States Court System, http://www. fjc. gov/public/pdf. nsf/lookup/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf/$file/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf Lawrence, K. , 2011, Race, Crime, and Punishment: Breaking the Connection in America. http://www. aspeninstitute. org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/Race-Crime-Punishment.pdf Motivans, Mark, 2011, Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/fjs09. pdf National Law Group 2010-2011, http://blacklawyers. net/ Roberts, D. , 2004, Measuring the Social and Moral Cost of Mass Incarceration, in African American Communities, http://www. law. fsu. edu/faculty/2003-2004workshops/roberts. pdf Spohn,C. ,2000, Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process, http://www. justicestudies. com/pubs/livelink3-1. pdf.

Marriage: When a Man Meets His Woman Essay

â€Å"For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh.† (New International Version, Genesis 2.24) Marriage as we all know is the union of a man and a woman to become husband and wife. Marriage is where the smallest unit of the society begins––the family. Marriage is the door to procreation. Marriage is a sacred vow and according to Hebrews 13.4, â€Å"Marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, for God will judge the adulterer and all the sexually immoral.† Marriage is a game that children play. When children are tired of playing, they simply quit. When children encounter problems while playing, they quit. When they want to play again, they simply do so. Marriage is a deep relationship between the husband and the wife. It is intimate. It involves not only their physical self but their hearts and souls as well. Quitting is not an option should they become tired or should they encounter problems. Timothy had a good description of a responsible husband, â€Å"Now the overseer must be above reproach, the husband of but one wife, temperate, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach, not given to drunkenness, not violent but gentle, not quarrelsome, not a lover of money† (1 Timothy 3.2–3). Though Timothy specifically dedicated these verses to an overseer (or a bishop during their time), the characteristics given are truly what a husband should possess in order to please God and to make their marriage last. Since a husband is the head of his family, he should really possess qualities that will help him manage the â€Å"small society† given to him by God. A man should seek God’s wisdom in choosing the woman to marry. Man, having free will, makes plans for himself. In most cases, these plans failed or never happened because those are not God’s plans. â€Å"Many are the plans in a man’s heart, but it is the Lord’s purpose that prevails† (Proverbs 19.21). The Holy Bible describes the â€Å"perfect† woman to have fear of the Lord (Proverbs 31.30), has wisdom (Proverbs 31.26), and not quarrelsome (Proverbs 19.13). A woman can possess all these characteristics if she is living according to God’s will. With the Holy Bible as our reference, the first husband and wife were Adam and Eve. In the story of creation, God created man according to His image and likeness on the sixth day. He made man the steward of all His beautiful creations. God said in Genesis 2.18, â€Å"It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.† So God had Adam fell asleep, and took one of his ribs. Out of the rib God created the woman. Then Adam said in Genesis 2.23, â€Å"This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called ‘woman,’ for she was taken out of man.† So this is the love story of our great, great, great, great, great grandparents. If you are interested to know the ending of our love story, read Genesis to find out. If we are to analyze our course verse (Gen. 2.24), a man will leave his parents and will be united with the woman as one. They are no longer two separate, different individuals, but they are one. Marriage binds this two unrelated people into a sacred union. The man will now live not only for his own but for his wife. Same is true for the woman. Both will â€Å"forget† themselves and will create a new self out of two obviously different individuals. This is in accordance to 1 Corinthians 7.4 ­, â€Å"The wife’s body does not belong to her alone but also to her husband. In the same way, the husband’s body does not belong to him alone but also to his wife.† Also in Ephesians 5.28, â€Å"In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself.† These two Bible passages do not refer to the physical body alone but to whole identity of the man and woman—physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, and let’s add financial. Being united as one, husbands and wives share resources. The â€Å"I† mentality is no longer applicable in marriage. It’s now the â€Å"us† or the â€Å"we.† A man’s burden is also his wife’s burden. A man’s achievements are also his wife’s achievements. A man’s failure is also his wife’s failure. A man’s dreams are also his wife’s dreams. In Genesis 2.18, God said that it is not good for a man to be alone. So He created a â€Å"helper† suitable for the man. â€Å"Helper† does not literally mean a house helper, or a slave, or a maidservant. Helper here means a co-worker; a colleague; and the most appropriate description of a helper, a partner. A husband now has a partner in everything. He has someone to share his goals, visions, aspirations, problems, weaknesses, and frustrations. He has someone to help him make decisions. He has someone he can rely on anytime. He has someone to grow old with. God binds a man and a woman in marriage. â€Å"So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate† (Matthew 19.6). It is very clear that no man should cause the fall out of anyone’s marriage. It is very clear that God’s plan in the very beginning is a lasting marriage for husbands and wives. Unfortunately, even during Moses’ time, divorce was already a show stopper. â€Å"If a man marries a woman who becomes displeasing to him because he finds something indecent about her, and he writes her a certificate of divorce, gives it to her and sends her from his house† (Deuteronomy 24.1). For the record, this was not God’s original plan. Laws for divorce were made because of the Israelites’ hard-headedness. But they could only file for a divorce if either one was proven guilty of marital unfaithfulness. â€Å"I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, and marries another woman commits adultery† (Matthew 19.9). This is for the husband’s case. For the wife’s case, â€Å"So then, if she marries another man while her husband is still alive, she is called an adulteress. But if her husband dies, she is released from that law and is not an adulteress, even though she marries another man† (Romans 7.3). Paul, in his first letter to the Corinthians, also addressed the issue on divorce. â€Å"To the married I give this command (not I, but the Lord): A wife must not separate from her husband. But if she does, she must remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband. And a husband must not divorce his wife† (1 Corinthians 7.10–11). The Holy Bible, from the Old Testament up to the New Testament, has teachings on divorce. This is how important and sacred marriage is for God. He wants every man and woman to enjoy the companion of each other. Hardships, troubles, and problems happened in marriage not to break it but to strengthen it. Some were not able to withstand the pressure brought about by these problems and ended their marriage. There are married couples today, who are having problems with their relationship, opt for divorce, believing that this is the best solution for their problems. What comes after divorce? Annulment, the couples now arrange the invalidation, dissolution, termination of their marriage contract.   The sacredness of marriage is slowly being neglected. If fact, there were some who re-marry after annulment. Marriage is a lifetime vow. Only death can separate a husband from her wife. This is God’s original plan. 1 Corinthians 7.39 says, â€Å"A woman is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to marry anyone she wishes, but he must belong to the Lord.† In this verse, the wife is only freed from the marriage vow because of the death of her husband. God wants every husband and wife to enjoy their vow as long as they live. How can a marriage last? Married couples who put God in the center of their relationship will definitely last. God, being the author of one’s life, never fails anyone who trusts and completely obeys His will. In Proverbs 16.3, â€Å"Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and your plans will succeed,† God assures married couples that whatever plans they have, success is an assurance, provided that they commit their lives to the Lord. God has given many advices on how to have a successful marriage. All of these can be found in the Holy Bible. So it is advisable for everyone, not for married couples only, to meditate the Word of God day and night (Joshua 1.8) because the Holy Bible contains God’s laws, promises, blessings, curses, and precautions that will serve as our guide. In Colossians 3.18, God instructed wives to submit to their husbands because this is His will. Husbands are also required to love their wives and never ever be harsh to them (Colossians 3.19). One marriage conflict is who has the authority over the family. In Colossians 3.18, wives should submit to their husbands. Also recall that God created man to become the steward of His creation. Woman was created to become man’s helper or a partner steward of God’s creations. Another answer to who has the authority over the family is written in Ephesians 5.23–24, â€Å"For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything.† Wives submission to their husbands does not mean that the husbands are in charge of everything. As partners, they are both involved in decision-making and planning. But wives should acknowledge the fact that their husbands are the team leaders of the family. As team leaders, husbands preside the â€Å"meeting† and distribute the task to the whole members of the family. 1 Peter 3.1–2 says, â€Å"Wives, in the same way be submissive to your husbands so that, if any of them do not believe the word, they may be won over without words by the behavior of their wives, when they see the purity and reverence of your lives.† Actions speak louder than words. If someone’s husband is still an unbeliever, the actions of his wife, according to the previous Bible passage, can make the husband become interested in learning God’s words. According to Proverbs 12.4, â€Å"A wife of noble character is her husband’s crown, but a disgraceful wife is like decay in his bones.† So a wife’s submissive attitude is worthy for her husband will truly respect her. Not only that, God will be pleased with her because according to 1 Peter 3.4, â€Å"Instead, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quite spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight.† Though wives should submit to their husbands, the husbands in turn should not abuse their wives submissiveness. â€Å"Husbands, in the same way be considerate as you live with your wives, and treat them with respect as the weaker partner and as heirs with you of the gracious gift of life, so that nothing will hinder your prayer.† (1 Peter 3.7) The Book of Proverbs says how precious a husband’s wife is and why she deserves to earn her husband’s respect, â€Å"He who finds a wife finds what is good and receives favor from the LORD† (Proverbs 18.22); â€Å"Houses and wealth are inherited from parents, but a prudent wife is from the LORD† (Proverbs 19.14). So a prudent, well-respected wife is the Lord’s gift to faithful husband. Respect, aside from love, is a very important component of marriage. Respect in fact is one way of showing love to your husband or to your wife. Never ever disrespect your husband or your wife for this could be the start of a misunderstanding. God had promised Abraham that he will become the father of all nations and that his children will become as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore (Genesis 22.17). The fulfillment of this promise is dependent on procreation, which is legitimate to married couples. Even before God revealed the promise to Abraham, He already declared that He will increase the number of humans on Earth, â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them, be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it† (Genesis 1.27–28). To this day, many recognize Abraham as the father of all nations. God’s promise was fulfilled. God loves man so much that He encourages the procreation of many men. Man, among all God’s creation, is the most especial creation because man is created according to His own image and likeness. He enjoys seeing His wonderful creation. Above all, God considers men His children. â€Å"Marry and have sons and daughters; find wives for your sons and give your daughters in marriage, so that they too may have sons and daughters. Increase in number there; do not decrease† (Jeremiah 29.6). In the book authored by Rick Warren, The Purpose-Driven Life, he identified the five main reasons why God created man. Man is created to worship God, to have fellowship with other men, to be trained to become Christ’s disciplines, to participate in God’s ministries, and to evangelize the words of God. God deserves to be worshipped. God loves to see His wonderful creations worshipping Him. Through marriage, more men will worship God. This is way God wants men to increase in number, not to decrease. Because God wants to see many men giving Him praise. Men should have fellowship with one another. God wants to see how His wonderful creations enjoy the company of one another. Fellowship is one way to develop a harmonious relationship among God’s children. Fellowship is also a training ground for us to become disciplines of Christ. Once trained, we can now participate in God’s ministries. And most of all, we His children are being prepared to evangelize, to spread the Good News of salvation. You may think that this is no longer related to marriage. But all these things started from the union of a man and a woman. Above all, everything has started from the wonderful plan of God for us. God wants to establish a nation of men who will worship Him. To do this, our God created the universe, which we know as the story of creation. To start the nation, He created a man and a woman. God created marriage so this man and woman could start to procreate and increase the number of men and women on Earth. Millions of years had past. Today is our present time. Today, many men and women submitted to the vow of marriage. Unfortunately, many marriages encountered so many problems. Unfortunately, these problems cause the destruction of some marriages. The sacredness of marriage is not preserved. Procreation, which should be done under the oath of marriage, is related now to pre-marital sex. God has a perfect plan for us. God made marriage to be sacred and holy. Divorce is detestable to God. Let us spread the awareness on the true reasons why God created marriage. God gave us the Holy Bible to be our guide in our daily living. The Holy Bible has many teachings on marriage. Marriage is supposed to unite a man and a woman deeply in love with one another. Marriage is a lifetime relationship. Marriage combines two persons into one. God, through marriage, created one individual out of two. What God has created, no one should separate. More importantly, marriage is the very reason life continues to exist.   WORK CITED The Holy Bible, New International Version. USA: International Bible Society, 1984. Warren, Rick. The Purpose-Driven Life: What on Earth Am I Here For? USA: 2002.

Preeclampsia Case Study

At 0600 Jennie is brought to the Labor and Delivery triage area by her sister. The client complains of a pounding headache for the last 12 hours unrelieved by acetaminophen (Tylenol), swollen hands and face for 2 days, and epigastric pain described as bad heartburn. Her sister tells the nurse, â€Å"I felt like that when I had toxemia during my pregnancy. † Admission assessment by the nurse reveals: today's weight 182 pounds, T 99. 1 ° F, P 76, R 22, BP 138/88, 4+ pitting edema, and 3+ protein in the urine. Heart rate is regular, and lung sounds are clear.Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) are 3+ biceps and triceps and 4+ patellar with 1 beat of ankle clonus. The nurse applies the external fetal monitor, which shows a baseline fetal heart rate of 130, absent variability, positive for accelerations, no decelerations, and no contractions. The nurse also performs a vaginal examination and finds that the cervix is 1 cm dilated and 50% effaced, with the fetal head at a -2 station. 1. In reviewing Jennie's history, the nurse is correct in concluding that Jennie is in jeopardy of developing a hypertensive disorder because of her age (15).Which other factors add to Jennie's risk of developing preeclampsia? A)  Molar pregnancy, history of preeclampsia in previous pregnancy. INCORRECT While all of these are risk factors for preeclampsia, Jennie has no indications of a molar pregnancy (first trimester vaginal bleeding, size/date discrepancy, or excessive nausea and vomiting), nor has she had any previous pregnancies (gravida 1). B)  Gravidity, familial history. CORRECT Jennie is under 17 years of age, is pregnant for the 1st time, and has a sister with a history of toxemia, which is an old term for preeclampsia that some clients may still use.C)  History of pounding headache, low socioeconomic status. INCORRECT While age and low socioeconomic status (SES) are risk factors, Jennie's SES is unknown. A pounding headache is a symptom, not a risk factor. D)  Low soci oeconomic status (SES), history of pedal edema. INCORRECT Although age and low SES are risk factors, this client's SES is unknown. Pedal edema is common in pregnancy after 32-weeks. 2. To accurately assess this client's condition, what information from the prenatal record is most important for the nurse to obtain? A)  Pattern and number of prenatal visits. INCORRECTIt is important to have early and consistent prenatal care, but this information will not help in the assessment of this client's condition. B)  Prenatal blood pressure readings. CORRECT The client's BP (138/88) is below the guideline that indicates mild preeclampsia. Blood pressure parameters for mild preeclampsia include a reading of 140/90 taken on two occasions 6 hours apart. However, Jennie's reading is significant if it is an increase of 30 mm systolic or 15 mm diastolic from her prenatal levels, particularly in combination with proteinuria and hyperuricemia (uric acid of 6 mg/dl or more).Blood pressure usually remains the same during the first trimester. Both systolic and diastolic then decrease gradually up to 20-weeks gestation. At 20 weeks of gestation, the blood pressure begins to gradually increase and return to 1st trimester levels at term. C)  Prepregnancy weight. INCORRECT The nurse should compare today's weight to Jennie's most recently obtained previous weight, not to the prepregnancy weight. A weight gain of ;2 pounds per week is indicative of mild preeclampsia. D)  Jennie's Rh factor. INCORRECTWhile the Rh factor of the mother is important in determining the need for prophylactic Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) at 28-weeks and after birth, it is not the most important information at this time. All Rh negative women with negative Coomb's tests are given RhoGam prophylactically at 28-weeks, and then evaluated immediately after birth to determine if another dose of RhoGam is needed. Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia There is no definitive cause of preeclampsia, but the pathophysiol ogy is distinct. The main pathogenic factor is poor perfusion as a result of arteriolar vasospasm.Function in organs such as the placenta, liver, brain, and kidneys can be depressed as much as 40 to 60%. As fluid shifts out of the intravascular compartment, a decrease in plasma volume and subsequent increase in hematocrit is seen. The edema of preeclampsia is generalized. Virtually all organ systems are affected by this disease, and the mother and fetus suffer increasing risk as the disease progresses. Preeclampsia develops after 20 weeks gestation in a previously normotensive woman. Elevated blood pressure is frequently the first sign of preeclampsia.The client also develops proteinuria. While no longer considered a diagnostic measurement of preeclampsia, generalized edema of the face, hands, and abdomen that is not responsive to 12 hours of bedrest is often present. Preeclampsia progresses along a continuum from mild to severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or eclampsia. A client m ay present to the labor unit anywhere along that continuum. 3. What is the pathophysiology responsible for Jennie's complaint of a pounding headache and the elevated DTRs? A)  Cerebral edema. CORRECTAs fluid leaks into the extravascular spaces, organ edema as well as peripheral edema occurs. This, in conjunction with cortical brain spasms, causes headache, increased deep tendon reflexes, and clonus. B)  Increased perfusion to the brain. INCORRECT The hypovolemia that accompanies preeclampsia decreases perfusion to the major organs. C)  Severe anxiety. INCORRECT While Jennie may be very anxious, this is not the pathophysiology involved. D)  Retinal arteriolar spasms. INCORRECT These spasms are the cause of blurred vision and scotoma that often accompany worsening of the disease.Jennie's sister is very concerned about the swelling (edema) in her sister's face and hands because it seems to be worsening rapidly. She asks the nurse if the healthcare provider will prescribe some o f â€Å"those water pills† (diuretics) to help get rid of the excess fluid. 4. Which response by the nurse is correct? A)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"That is a very good idea. I will relay it to the healthcare provider when I call. † INCORRECT Although it is caring to offer to relay family concerns to the healthcare provider, the physician will make the decision on treatment.B)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I'm sorry, but it is not the family's place to make suggestions about medical treatment. † INCORRECT While it is not inappropiate for family members to make suggestions, this answer is not sensitive to the sister's desire to help Jennie. C)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Let me explain to you about the effect of diuretics on pregnancy. † CORRECT The sister may have seen diuretics used for treating fluid retention before (for example, in cardiac disease), but may not be aware of how diuretics affect pregnancy. Diuretics decrease blood flow to the placenta by decreasing blood volume.In the case of the preeclamptic client, this is particularly dangerous because the disease has already caused a volume deficit. In addition, the diuretics disrupt normal electrolyte balance and stress kidneys that are already compromised by preeclampsia. The only time they are used is if the preeclamptic client also has heart failure, but this client has no symptoms of heart failure. D)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Have you by any chance given your sister water pills that belong to someone else? † INCORRECT This could be construed as hostile and accusatory.If the nurse believes further assessment is warranted, the nurse should ask Jennie about any medication she has taken. Admission to the Labor and Delivery Unit At 0630 the nurse calls to report to the healthcare provider, who prescribes the following: admit to labor and delivery, bedrest with bathroom privileges (BRP), IV D5LR at 125 ml/hr, CBC with platelets, clotting studies, liver enzymes, chemistry panel, 24-hour urine collection for protein and uric acid, ice chips only by mouth, nonstress test, hourly vital signs, and DTRs. 5.While awaiting the lab results, which nursing intervention has the highest priority? A)  Teach Jennie the rationale for bedrest. INCORRECT While this is important, it does not have the highest priority. B)  Monitor Jennie for signs of dehydration. INCORRECT This is important because the client is restricted to ice chips only and may already be hypovolemic. However, it is not the highest priority. C)  Educate the client about dietary restrictions. INCORRECT Since Jennie is currently taking ice chips only, this is not the most important intervention at this time. D)  Observe Jennie for CNS changes.CORRECT Central Nervous System (CNS) changes such as severe headache, blurred vision, scotoma (spots before eyes), and photophobia indicate a worsening condition. 6. Which technique should the nurse use when evaluating Jennie's blood pressure while she is on bedrest? A)  Have Jennie lay supine and take the blood pressure on the left arm. INCORRECT The pregnant client should not lie in the supine position because it puts her at risk for vena cava compression and subsequent supine hypotensive syndrome. B)  Have Jennie lie in a lateral position and take the blood pressure on the dependent arm.CORRECT The lateral position supports placental perfusion. The lower (dependent) arm should be positioned so the client is not lying on it, and the blood pressure should be taken in that arm. This more closely approximates arterial pressure. Using the arm on the opposite (upper) side will falsely reduce the measurement. C)  Have the client sit in a chair at the bedside, and take the blood pressure with her left arm at waist level. INCORRECT While sitting is an appropriate position, the arm should be resting on a surface at heart level.In addition, Jennie is on bedrest with bathroom privileges, which does not include sitting up in a chair. D)  Have Jennie stand briefly and take the blood pressure on the right a rm. INCORRECT A standing blood pressure does not provide the most valid reading. In addition, Jennie is on bedrest with bathroom privileges, which does not include standing at the bedside. The nurse performs a nonstress test to evaluate fetal well-being. 7. When performing a nonstress test (NST), the nurse will be assessing for which parameters? A)  Accelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. CORRECTThe basis for the nonstress test is that the normal fetus with an intact CNS will respond to fetal movements by increasing its heart rate (episodic accelerations). A reactive test is one in which the fetus displays at least 2 accelerations of 15 beats per minute that last for 15 seconds in a 20-minute period in the presence of a normal baseline rate and moderate variability. B)  Late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. INCORRECT Late decelerations are a sign of uteroplacental insufficiency, and are assessed for in response to uterine contractions, not fetal movement.C)  Accelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions. INCORRECT Accelerations that occur with contractions (periodic accelerations) are usually linked to breech presentations, and are not the basis for the nonstress test. D)  Late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions. INCORRECT Late decelerations in response to uterine contractions are the basis for the contraction stress test. HELLP Syndrome At 0800, physical assessment and labs reveal the following: the client is still complaining of a headache but the epigastric pain has slightly decreased.While resting in a left lateral position, the vital signs are BP 146/94, P 75, R 18. Hyperreflexia continues with one beat of clonus. The baseline fetal heart rate is 140 with moderate variability and no decelerations. Since completion of a reactive nonstress test, no further accelerations have occurred. Lab results include: hemoglobin â⠂¬â€œ 13. 1 g/dl, hematocrit – 40. 5 g/dl, platelets – 120,000 mm3, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – slightly elevated, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) – normal for pregnancy, 0 burr cells on slide, clotting studies normal for pregnancy.The healthcare provider diagnoses Jennie with preeclampsia rather than HELLP syndrome, a variant of severe preeclampsia. 8. If Jennie had HELLP syndrome, which lab results would the nurse expect her to exhibit? A)  Elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit (H&H) without burr cells, elevated liver enzymes, platelet count >150,000 mm3. INCORRECT Elevated H&H without burr cells and platelets >150,000 mm3  are not indicative of HELLP syndrome. B)  Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit (H&H) with burr cells, elevated liver enzymes, platelet count

Demonstrative Communication Paper

Andrea Dunn Individual Assignment week 2 BCOM/275 Version 1 Tim Wolfe October 30, 2011 Demonstrative communication dates way back before birth as well as before our parents were born and will continue to be of great importance throughout history this paper will attempt to explain how it involves both listening and responding, can be effective or ineffective, positive or negative for the sender and receiver. Non- verbal cues are used in everyday interactions and can often times speak louder than verbal communication. Think back to childhood how momma’s eye contact was understood nothing had to be said and what she wanted was done just by the look she gave. How about in school the raising of hands to answer a question/ask a question? teachers understand these gestures. The same is true in business managers and employees communicate frequently through expectations; for instance the time clock employees want to be paid so they punch the clock. Managers want to acknowledge punctual employees so they review time sheets generated from time clocks. In essence demonstrative communication is of great importance and is an essential part of communication. Listening to music can involve demonstrative communication the receiver (the listener) hears the music and responds to the sender by body motions such as dancing, bobbing of feet, snapping fingers, tapping feet and so forth these movements help the sender to understand that the music is being enjoyed. Let’s look at a lawyer by the name of Belli whom effectively used demonstrative communication by using visual aids and demonstrative materials in the court room. Consider this excerpt from Visual Materials with a point; Belli used scale models to check clearance distances on highway accidents, he even brought a patient who weighed four hundred pounds up to the second floor of a courtroom by means of an outdoor lift because he could not be brought in through a first floor entrance all in an effort to show by actual presence what he could not describe verbally. † (pg. 16). The forms of demonstrative communication/materials which Belli (the sender) used had a positive effect on the jurors (the receivers) because they were able to understand at a profound level. If not careful there are instances where the use of demonstrative communication can be ineffective. A commentary not dated gave some â€Å"practical tips and tactics for maximizing and leveraging demonstrative exhibits† let’s examine number 14 from the commentary it states; â€Å"Know your audience† Daniel & Lance (n. d). Having no prior knowledge of the audience you plan to address could prove to be ineffective. For instance the audience of a traffic police is all drivers including bicyclists. A non-verbal cue when interpreted correctly helps traffic to be directed smoothly avoiding accidents. The examples used throughout this paper are just a few instances to describe demonstrative communication. There are much more examples not shown here the point is what is understood physically (facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and body motions) don’t have to be said. Closing thoughts showing an awareness of non-verbal cues will have a winning effect with communication. Learn to pay attention to facial expressions it will give a better chance of figuring out the meaning behind the message the sender attempts to send through words. Your eye contact can help to gain trust; as not properly knowing when to use touch can cause barriers to trust. Demonstrative communication dates way back before birth as well as before our parents were born and will continue to be of great importance throughout history. Let’s put more thought into non-verbal cues to heighten understanding and cooperation amongst one another. Senders and receivers are in tuned with the communication process by â€Å"determining what they hope to achieve, Identifying the key points, considering the reaction, determining what channel to use, deliverance, ensure the message was received and understood, receive and interpret the response to the message, then decide f further communication is necessary† bcom275 r1 (2011). Communication is an essential part of life; knowledge of the correct use of demonstrative communication will go further than words could express and barriers will be lifted so listening and responding will no longer be a mystery and communication will be more effective and positive vs. ineffective and negative. References Bcom275_r1_the communication process Retrieved from OLS at Phoenix Daniel Wolfe and Lance, J. (n. d). Commentary: Tactics, ethical considerations in Leveraging demonstrations. Rhode Island Lawyers Weekly, Retrieved from Ebscohost Palzer, E. (1962). Visual Materials with a point. Today’s speech, 10(2), 15-27, Retrieved From Ebscohost Demonstrative Communication Paper Andrea Dunn Individual Assignment week 2 BCOM/275 Version 1 Tim Wolfe October 30, 2011 Demonstrative communication dates way back before birth as well as before our parents were born and will continue to be of great importance throughout history this paper will attempt to explain how it involves both listening and responding, can be effective or ineffective, positive or negative for the sender and receiver. Non- verbal cues are used in everyday interactions and can often times speak louder than verbal communication. Think back to childhood how momma’s eye contact was understood nothing had to be said and what she wanted was done just by the look she gave. How about in school the raising of hands to answer a question/ask a question? teachers understand these gestures. The same is true in business managers and employees communicate frequently through expectations; for instance the time clock employees want to be paid so they punch the clock. Managers want to acknowledge punctual employees so they review time sheets generated from time clocks. In essence demonstrative communication is of great importance and is an essential part of communication. Listening to music can involve demonstrative communication the receiver (the listener) hears the music and responds to the sender by body motions such as dancing, bobbing of feet, snapping fingers, tapping feet and so forth these movements help the sender to understand that the music is being enjoyed. Let’s look at a lawyer by the name of Belli whom effectively used demonstrative communication by using visual aids and demonstrative materials in the court room. Consider this excerpt from Visual Materials with a point; Belli used scale models to check clearance distances on highway accidents, he even brought a patient who weighed four hundred pounds up to the second floor of a courtroom by means of an outdoor lift because he could not be brought in through a first floor entrance all in an effort to show by actual presence what he could not describe verbally. † (pg. 16). The forms of demonstrative communication/materials which Belli (the sender) used had a positive effect on the jurors (the receivers) because they were able to understand at a profound level. If not careful there are instances where the use of demonstrative communication can be ineffective. A commentary not dated gave some â€Å"practical tips and tactics for maximizing and leveraging demonstrative exhibits† let’s examine number 14 from the commentary it states; â€Å"Know your audience† Daniel & Lance (n. d). Having no prior knowledge of the audience you plan to address could prove to be ineffective. For instance the audience of a traffic police is all drivers including bicyclists. A non-verbal cue when interpreted correctly helps traffic to be directed smoothly avoiding accidents. The examples used throughout this paper are just a few instances to describe demonstrative communication. There are much more examples not shown here the point is what is understood physically (facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and body motions) don’t have to be said. Closing thoughts showing an awareness of non-verbal cues will have a winning effect with communication. Learn to pay attention to facial expressions it will give a better chance of figuring out the meaning behind the message the sender attempts to send through words. Your eye contact can help to gain trust; as not properly knowing when to use touch can cause barriers to trust. Demonstrative communication dates way back before birth as well as before our parents were born and will continue to be of great importance throughout history. Let’s put more thought into non-verbal cues to heighten understanding and cooperation amongst one another. Senders and receivers are in tuned with the communication process by â€Å"determining what they hope to achieve, Identifying the key points, considering the reaction, determining what channel to use, deliverance, ensure the message was received and understood, receive and interpret the response to the message, then decide f further communication is necessary† bcom275 r1 (2011). Communication is an essential part of life; knowledge of the correct use of demonstrative communication will go further than words could express and barriers will be lifted so listening and responding will no longer be a mystery and communication will be more effective and positive vs. ineffective and negative. References Bcom275_r1_the communication process Retrieved from OLS at Phoenix Daniel Wolfe and Lance, J. (n. d). Commentary: Tactics, ethical considerations in Leveraging demonstrations. Rhode Island Lawyers Weekly, Retrieved from Ebscohost Palzer, E. (1962). Visual Materials with a point. Today’s speech, 10(2), 15-27, Retrieved From Ebscohost